A new perspective when examining maize fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency, incrementally.

For maize (Zea mays L.), nitrogen (N) fertilizer use is often summarized from field to global scales using average N use efficiency (NUE). But expressing NUE as averages is misleading because grain increase to added N diminishes near optimal yield. Thus, environmental risks increase as economic benefits decrease. Here, we use empirical datasets obtained in North America of maize grain yield response to N fertilizer (n = 189) to create and interpret incremental NUE (iNUE), or the change in NUE with change in N fertilization. We show for those last units of N applied to reach economic optimal N rate (EONR) iNUE for N removed with the grain is only about 6%. Conversely stated, for those last units of N applied over 90% is either lost to the environment during the growing season, remains as inorganic soil N that too may be lost after the growing season, or has been captured within maize stover and roots or soil organic matter pools. Results also showed iNUE decrease averaged 0.63% for medium-textured soils and 0.37% for fine-textured soils, attributable to fine-textured soils being more predisposed to denitrification and/or lower mineralization. Further analysis demonstrated the critical nature growing season water amount and distribution has on iNUE. Conditions with too much rainfall and/or uneven rainfall produced low iNUE. Producers realize this from experience, and it is uncertain weather that largely drives insurance fertilizer additions. Nitrogen fertilization creating low iNUE is environmentally problematic. Our results show that with modest sub-EONR fertilization and minor forgone profit, average NUE improvements of ~10% can be realized. Further, examining iNUE creates unique perspective and ideas for how to improve N fertilizer management tools, educational programs, and public policies and regulations.

Risk Assessment Approach to Microbiological Controls of Cell Therapies.

This technology review, written by a small group of pharmaceutical microbiologists experienced in cell therapies, discussed a risk-based approach to microbiological contamination detection and control during gene and cell therapy production. Topics discussed include a brief overview of cell therapies, a risk analysis related to donor selection, cell collection and infectious agent testing, cell transformation and expansion, packaging, storage, and administration, and cell therapy microbial contamination testing and release.

Long-term agroecosystem research in the central Mississippi river basin: goodwater creek experimental watershed weather data.

Knowledge of weather, particularly precipitation, is fundamental to interpreting watershed and hydrologic processes. The long-term weather record in the Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed (GCEW) complements hydrologic and water quality data in the region. The GCEW also is the core of the Central Mississippi River Basin (CMRB) node of the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research network. Our objectives are to (i) describe the climatological context of the GCEW and CMRB settings, (ii) document instrumentation and the data collection, quality assurance, and reduction processes; (iii) provide examples of the data obtained and descriptive statistics; and (iv) document the availability of and access methods to obtain the data from the web-based data access portal at . These objectives support an overall goal to make these long-term data available to the public for use in further analyses and modeling in support of research and public policy on watershed management.